The significance of scent trailing in mealybugs is discussed.Įffects of Maternal Behavior Induction and Pup Exposure on Neurogenesis in Adult, Virgin Female Rats The same responses were obtained when males were bioassayed on extracts from filter paper disks on which females had rested. These substances elicit attraction and sexual behavior by conspecific males. Virgin females of the citrophilous mealybugPseudococcus calceolariae (Mask.) deposit scent marks as trails on the substrate on which they rest or move. Scent trailing by virgin females ofPseudococcm calceolariae.
These conditions may apply in a few species, especially spiders. In general, higher sperm allocation to virgins is favoured by: strong disadvantage to the second ejaculate, high sperm limitation, high average risk and increased information (perceived risk). With perfect information about female mating pattern, sperm allocation (i) to virgins that will mate again exceeds that to mated females and to virgins that will mate only once, (ii) to virgins that mate only once exceeds that for mated females if q is high and there is high second male disadvantage and (iii) to each type of female can decrease with q if sperm limitation is high, although the average allocation increases at least across low q levels. With high sperm limitation, sperm allocation to virgins increases and to mated females decreases with q at high q levels. If males can distinguish between virgin and mated females, greater sperm allocation to virgins is favoured by high sperm limitation, high q, and by the second male's ejaculate being disfavoured.
If males obtain no information from individual females, sperm numbers increase with q unless sperm limitation is high and one of the two competing ejaculates is strongly disfavoured. We define 'average risk' as the probability q that females in the population mate twice, and 'perceived risk' as the information males gain about the sperm competition probability with individual females. Without sperm competition, sperm allocation increases with sperm limitation. We examine the risk model in sperm competition games for cases where female fertility increases significantly with sperm numbers (sperm limitation). Sperm competition games: the risk model can generate higher sperm allocation to virgin females.
In fact, some traditional beliefs need to be challenged and modified. They indicated that they would lie about it regardless of any consequences they may encounter. Such traditional norms-in the context of high levels of rape-place enormous pressure on young women and cause them to lie about virginity because they fear losing their fiancés. However, some female participants clearly dissociate from societal views or norms about virginity, and remark that virginity itself is not the key to a successful household nor a guarantee for remaining faithful after marriage. They believe that the girl's virginity loss brings shame to her family. In fact, most male and female participants perceived girls who were virgins as trustworthy individuals. Findings indicate that men are disappointed when they marry non- virgin girls. Eight focus group discussions and 40 individual interviews were conducted among participants from two urban and two rural high schools in South Kivu province. The study employed a qualitative approach to collect data from 56 boys and girls aged 16-20 years old.
This article aims to explore Congolese male and female high school students' cultural attitudes concerning virginity. Virginity Requirement Versus Sexually-Active Young People: What Girls and Boys Think About Virginity in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo.